<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><xml><records><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7584</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitzsch, C. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta, epizoica) als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magazin Ent. (Germar)</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-316</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species description</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1818</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7566</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egger, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beiträge zur besseren Kenntnis des </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Nitzsch</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-7,pl.I</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species description</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1854</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7560</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schiner, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vorläufiger Commentar zum dipterologischen Theile der &quot;Fauna austriaca&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiener entomologische Monatsschrift</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">428-436</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Argyrites</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species description</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cenchridobia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus eggeri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lobioptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madiza</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phylogenetic systematic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1862</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7540</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brauer, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Die Zweiflügler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. 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Akademie der Wissenschaften</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-216,pl.I-VI</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmometopa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">larvae description</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">museum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1880</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7449</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collin, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Nitzsch (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cenchridobia eggeri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Schiner) and its systematic position among the Diptera</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novitates zoologicae</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-139</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1911</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7220</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collin, J. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On various new or little known british Diptera, including several species bred from the nests of birds and mammals</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134-154</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">England</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nidicolous</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1939</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7184</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Büttiker, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Die Gefiederfliege </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Nitzsch</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vögel der Heimat</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">234-236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1946</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7091</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timon-David, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contribution a l&apos;étude de l&apos;écologie et du peuplement des iles de la region Marseillaise</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le peuplement des Iles Méditerranéennes et les Problème de l&apos;Insularité.</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-239</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">France</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">island</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura prima</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura seducta</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1961</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7605</rec-number><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kloet, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hincks, W. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A check list of British insects. Second Edition (Completely revised). Part 5: Diptera and Siphonaptera</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbooks for the identification of British Insects</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139 pp</style></pages><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11(5)</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichia ludens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza securicornis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza formicae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza donisthorpei</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza flavitarsis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza beckeri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza equitans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmometopa sordida</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa latipes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa niveipennis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madiza glabra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madiza britannica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura vagans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura freta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura minutissima</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura flavifacies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura lamellata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura lacteipennis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura obscurella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura seducta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura neottiophila</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura bicuspidata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura triangularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura neglecta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976.02.13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7645</rec-number><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitworth, T. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Host and habitat preferences, life history, pathogenicity and population regulation in species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Protocalliphora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Hough (Diptera: Calliphoridae)</style></title></titles><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ph.D. Dissertation</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logan</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utah State University</style></publisher><urls></urls></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6898</rec-number><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabrosky, C. W.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delfinado, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, D. E.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family Carnidae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275-276</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura baluchistani</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura compacta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura hennigi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">catalog</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus orientalis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honolulu</style></pub-location><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">x + 854 pp</style></custom2></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6697</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirkpatrick, C. 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A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ectoparasitic fly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in a nesting population of common barn-owls (Strigiformes: Tytonidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-112</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6440</rec-number><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brake, I.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schumann, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bährmann, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stark, A.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checkliste der Dipteren Deutschlands</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studia dipterologica, Supplement </style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138</style></pages><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Germany</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">catalog</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura bicuspidata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura flavifacies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura freta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura lacteipennis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura lamellata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura neglecta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura neottiophila</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura obscurella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura triangularis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura vagans</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book section</style></notes><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6437</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iwasa, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Nitzsch (Diptera, Carnidae) found from the external auditory meatus of human, new to Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical entomology and zoology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical Entomology and Zoology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-268</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">images</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species description</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6368</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roulin, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brinkhof, M. W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bize, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richner, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jungi, T. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bavoux, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boileau, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burneleau, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Which chick is tasty to parasites? The importance of host immunology vs. parasite life history</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-81</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Switzerland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></work-type><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus (3 diff. spellings) on Tyto alba and Falco tinnunculus in Switzerland</style></research-notes></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7696</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Neve, Liesbeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soler, Juan J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Rodriguez, Magdalena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin-Galvez, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez-Contreras, Tomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soler, Manuel</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Neve, Liesbeth; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain&#xD;ldneve@ugr.es</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat-specific effects of a food supplementation experiment on immunocompetence in Eurasian magpie Pica pica nestlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibis</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">763-773</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0019-1019</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZOOREC:ZOOR14406036320</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parasite pressure and nutrition are two of the most important factors affecting the trade-off between nestling growth and immune development. During development, energy and nutrients are often limited, and nestlings should only dedicate differentially more valuable resources to their immune system when the associated benefits are high (i.e. in situations of an increased risk of parasitism). In this study, we manipulated nutritional condition of Eurasian Magpie Pica pica nestlings by providing a food supplement. Additionally, the study area was subdivided into two categories of habitat (irrigated and arid) based on the presence of irrigation canals. Nestling diet composition was more varied in the irrigated compared with in the arid habitat. In addition, nestlings of the irrigated habitat showed a significantly higher infestation of both ectoparasites and blood parasites and a significantly higher cell-mediated immunity, but lower tarsus length compared with nestlings of the arid habitat. Food supplementation to nestlings did not affect tarsus length, but increased nestling cell-mediated immunity in the arid habitat only. Based on the recent demonstrated trade-off between growth and immunocompetence in nestlings, we suggest that differences between habitats in nestling diet and parasite prevalence may have caused different priority rules in the allocation of resources between both fitness traits.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://ZOOREC:ZOOR14406036320 </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pdf</style></custom1><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yes</style></custom3><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7674</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, Helle Juul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ektoparasitter på skarvunger i Danmark med første fund af fluen </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Carnidae, Diptera) [Ectoparasites on cormorant chicks in Denmark with first finding of the carnid fly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Carnidae; Diptera)]</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora og Fauna</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denmark</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juli</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0015-3818</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZOOREC:ZOOR14401003091</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the period May 8 - June 14. 2003, a total of 591 cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) chicks from eight different Danish colony sites were searched for ectoparasites. recording ectoparasite species and numbers along with nest position, brood size. individual chick condition and an estimate of chick age based on wing length. The parasites most frequently found were two species of chewing lice (Pectinopygus gyricornis and Eidmanniella pellucida), followed by the carnid fly Carnus hemapterus and a few Ixodes ticks. Chewing lice occurred on 76.3% of the chicks and were more common on older than younger chicks, whereas C. hemapterus most frequently occurred on younger chicks with no or sparse growth of down and feathers. C. hemapterus was found in two of the eight colonies and although it appears to he widespread, it is still uncovered in many areas and little is known about its ecology and dispersive behavio</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ektoparasitter pa skarvunger i Danmark med forste fund af fluen Carnus hemapterus (Carnidae, Diptera).</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://ZOOREC:ZOOR14401003091 </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7673</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roulin, Alexandre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christe, Philippe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dijkstra, Cor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ducrest, Anne-Lyse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jungi, Thomas W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Origin-related, environmental, sex, and age determinants of immunocompetence, susceptibility to ectoparasites, and disease symptoms in the barn owl</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">703-718</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0024-4066</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011278</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge of the role of origin-related, environmental, sex, and age factors on host defence mechanisms is important to understand variation in parasite intensity. Because alternative components of parasite defence may be differently sensitive to various factors, they may not necessarily covary. Many components should therefore be considered to tackle the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In a population of barn owls (Tyto alba), we investigated the role of origin-related, environmental (i.e. year, season, nest of rearing, and body condition), sex, and age factors on 12 traits linked to immune responses (humoral immune responses towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC), human serum albumin (HSA) and toxoid toxin TT, T-cell mediated immune response towards the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA)), susceptibility to ectoparasites (number and fecundity of Carnus haemapterus, number of Ixodes ricinus), and disease symptoms (size of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, proportion of proteins that are immunoglobulins, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Cross-fostering experiments allowed us to detect a heritable component of variation in only four out of nine immune and parasitic parameters (i.e. SRBC- and HSA-responses, haematocrit, and number of C. haemapterus). However, because nestlings were not always cross-fostered just after hatching, the finding that 44% of the immune and parasitic parameters were heritable is probably an overestimation. These experiments also showed that five out of these nine parameters were sensitive to the nest environment (i.e. SRBC- and PHA-responses, number of C. haemapterus, haematocrit and blood concentration in leucocytes). Female nestlings were more infested by the blood-sucking fly C. haemapterus than their male nestmates, and their blood was less concentrated in leucocytes. The effect of year, season, age (i.e. reflecting the degree of maturation of the immune system), brood size, position in the within-brood age hierarchy, and body mass strongly differed between the 12 parameters. Different components of host defence mechanisms are therefore not equally heritable and sensitive to environmental, sex, and age factors, potentially explaining why most of these components did not covary.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011278 </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ib</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7717</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brake, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The type material of Milichiidae and Carnidae (Insecta: Diptera: Schizophora) in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-76</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">types</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza epitacta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichia integra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pholeomyia longifacies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madiza palpalia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmometopa discipalpis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aldrichiomyza agromyzina</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neophyllomyza leanderi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza equitans</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza longipalpis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza lucens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza melania</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyllomyza tetragona</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmometopa ciliata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmometopa singaporensis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmometopa sordida</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa coquilletti</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa lacteipennis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa latipes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa rufifrons</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichia decora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichia speciosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiella argyrogaster</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiella bimaculata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiella freyi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiella hendeli</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milichiella nitida</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pholeomyia anomala</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pholeomyia argyrophenga</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pholeomyia leucozona</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pholeomyia schineri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus eggeri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus setosus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura algerica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura furcata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura obscurella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura pectinata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meoneura infuscata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The type specimens of Milichiidae and Carnidae in the Natural History Museum Vienna are listed. Lectotypes are designated for Phyllomyza epitacta HENDEL, 1914, Milichia  integra BECKER, 1922, and Pholeomyia longifacies HENDEL, 1933. Additionally, Madiza palpalia WAHLBERG is considered as an unavailable name for Desmometopa discipalpis PAPP, 1993.</style></abstract><urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sd</style></custom1></record><record><database name="MiliLit.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\irib.NHM\My Documents\Milichiidae\MiliLit.enl">MiliLit.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="10.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7746</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miguel Aviles, Jesus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez-Contreras, Tomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Navarro, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soler, Juan Jose</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male spotless starlings adjust feeding effort based on egg spots revealing ectoparasite load</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Behaviour</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Behaviour</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">993-999</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carnus hemapterus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on Sturnus unicolor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0003-3472</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZOOREC:ZOOR14602009277</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parents may vary their parental behaviour and investment in reproduction in response to parasiteinduced changes in the fitness prospects of their offspring. Thus, parents may use the physical condition of their offspring, or any other trait related to parasite load, to adjust parental effort. The immaculate eggs of the spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor, often become densely spotted owing to the activity of the ectoparasite carnid fly Carnus hemapterus. Spot density anticipates the intensity of fly infestation suffered by nestlings and, therefore, may serve as a cue for parents to adjust reproductive investment. By cleaning spots produced by C. hemapterus on eggs of spotless starlings, we manipulated the parasite&apos;s traces revealing its presence in broods of starlings, without modifying the level of infestation, to test whether parents use these signals to adjust reproductive effort. We found support for the hypothetical negative effect of Carnus flies since nestlings raised in nests with a higher fly load had lower body mass. The experimental egg cleaning during incubation did not change the intensity of carnid fly infestation during nestling development. However, it had a significant positive influence on paternal but not maternal effort. Our experimental results support the idea that spotless starling males adjust their effort in response to their perception of the fitness prospects of their nestlings as indirectly estimated by traces of parasites on the eggshells. As far as we know, this is the first evidence of the use of parasite traces to infer risk of parasitic infestation by animal hosts. [copyright] 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://ZOOREC:ZOOR14602009277 </style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">this volume not in NHM</style></custom1></record></records></xml>
